Tax in Romania for Companies and Founders, Rates and Rules

By Alexandra Neagu, VAT, customs and tax compliance lead · Reviewed by Andrei Stoica, registration and corporate filings lead · Last updated 23 October 2026

The taxes of a foreign-owned Romanian company and its founders, and who may file them.

Short answer

A Romanian company pays profit tax at 16% of taxable profit (art. 17 of the Fiscal Code) or, where it qualifies, the optional micro-enterprise tax at 1% of revenue. Dividends bear 16%, VAT is 21% standard and 11% reduced, and payments abroad can bear withholding tax. These are the 2026 rates, with their articles below.

This guide states the rules and gives no tax advice; the company's accountant, a CECCAR member (Body of Expert and Licensed Accountants), files the returns. The detail of the Romanian profit tax is in its own guide.

City buildings in Bucharest under a daylight sky.

What taxes does a foreign-owned Romanian company pay?

The tax map of a foreign-owned SRL (societate cu răspundere limitată, limited liability company). Every rule comes from the Fiscal Code (Law 227/2015) as ANAF (Agenția Națională de Administrare Fiscală, the National Tax Administration Agency) consolidates it up to Law 170/2026, a text ANAF says is not a republication.

The tax map, Fiscal Code 2026 text.
Tax	Rate or amount (2026 text)	Who pays, and when	Covered in	Source
Profit tax (impozit pe profit)	16% of taxable profit	The company: by the 25th of the month after quarters I to III, settled with the annual return by 25 June of the next year	Profit or micro tax	art. 17, art. 41(1), art. 42(1)
Micro-enterprise tax (impozit pe veniturile microîntreprinderilor)	1% of revenue; optional; replaces profit tax while the company is a micro-enterprise	The company: by the 25th of the month after each quarter	Profit or micro tax	art. 51(1), art. 48(1), art. 56(1)
Dividend tax (impozit pe dividende)	16% on dividends distributed from 1 January 2026	Withheld by the paying company at payment and remitted by the 25th of the next month	Dividend tax	art. 97(7), Law 141/2025
VAT (TVA)	21% standard; 11% reduced, since 1 August 2025	The registered company: return (form 300) by the 25th of the month after the VAT period	VAT and imports	art. 291(1)-(2), art. 323(1)
Payroll contributions and income tax	Employee CAS 25%, CASS 10%, income tax 10%; employer CAM 2.25%	The employer withholds and files form 112 monthly by the 25th	Payroll	art. 138, art. 156, art. 64(1)(b), art. 220³(1), art. 147(1)
Building tax (impozit pe clădiri)	0.2% to 1.3% of taxable value for non-residential buildings of companies, fixed by the council	The owner: two instalments, 31 March and 30 September	Local taxes	art. 460(2), art. 462(1)
Withholding tax on payments to non-residents	16% general; 16% on dividends; 10% for individuals resident in an EU or treaty state on items other than dividends	The Romanian payer, by the 25th of the month after payment	Withholding	art. 224(4)(d), art. 224(4)(b), art. 224(4)(c¹), art. 224(5)
Construction tax (impozit pe construcții)	0.5% of the net value of constructions that are not buildings	Romanian legal persons: declared by 25 May; a newly established company declares and pays by 25 January of the next year	Local taxes	art. 496(1)(a), art. 498(1)(a), art. 499(1), art. 499(4)
Representative-office tax (impozit pe reprezentanță)	18,000 lei a year; pro rata by months for an office set up or closed during the year	The representative office: by the last day of February of the tax year; an office set up during the year, within 30 days of setting up	Local taxes	art. 236(1), art. 236(2), art. 237(1), art. 237(2)

Figures still in circulation that are out of date:

VAT is 21% standard and 11% reduced since 1 August 2025, not 19% (art. 291).
Dividend tax is 16% from 1 January 2026, not 5%, 8% or 10% (art. 97(7)).
The VAT registration ceiling is 395,000 lei since 1 September 2025, not 300,000 lei (art. 310(1)).
Form 101 is due on 25 June, not 25 March (art. 42(1)).

Who is taxed in Romania, and on what?

A resident is liable to tax on worldwide income from any source: a Romanian legal person, a foreign legal person managed from Romania, or a resident individual (art. 7 pt. 37).

A foreign legal person pays profit tax on business run through a permanent establishment (sediu permanent) in Romania (art. 13(1)(a)-(b)): a place through which the business is carried on wholly or partly, directly or through a dependent agent (art. 8(1)). A building site or project counts only if it lasts more than 6 months (art. 8(3)).

Whether a company is resident or has a permanent establishment is a question for a CCF tax consultant (the Chamber of Tax Consultants), a lawyer or its accountant (OG 71/2001 art. 8(6)).

Profit tax or micro-enterprise tax: how do they differ?

The table sets the two taxes side by side and never says which a company should use. The conditions of the micro regime are in a guide on who qualifies for the micro-enterprise tax in Romania.

Point	Profit tax	Micro-enterprise tax	Source
Rate and base	16% of taxable profit	1% of revenue	art. 17; art. 51(1)
Status	The Title II tax on profit	Optional; replaces profit tax while the company is a micro-enterprise	art. 48(1)
Revenue ceiling	Applies to a micro-enterprise from the quarter in which its revenue passes EUR 100,000 in the year	The ceiling is EUR 100,000 of revenue in the year	art. 52(1)
Quarterly payment	By the 25th of the month after quarters I to III; the year is settled with the annual return	By the 25th of the month after each quarter	art. 41(1); art. 56(1)
Annual return	Form 101 by 25 June of the following year, applied from the return for 2026	See the micro-enterprise tax guide	art. 42(1); art. 45(21⁴)

Profit tax and micro-enterprise tax; the table ranks neither.

Form 101 is due by 25 June of the following year, which the statute applies from the return for 2026; ANAF's Cluj regional directorate gave 25 June 2026 for the 2025 return. The older 25 March is not the rule.

What dividend tax applies, and when is a dividend exempt?

The paying company calculates and withholds the tax, and the rate depends on who receives the dividend. The dividend guide has the mechanics.

Dividends to an individual

A final 16% for dividends distributed from 1 January 2026, withheld at payment and remitted by the 25th of the next month (art. 97(7); Law 141/2025).

Declared but unpaid at year end

Dividends distributed but not paid by the end of the year in which the distribution was approved are paid by 25 January of the next year (art. 97(7) for individuals, art. 43(3) for Romanian companies); for non-residents the tax is declared and paid by that date (art. 224(5)).

Dividends to a Romanian company

16% of the gross dividend, and nil when, at the date of payment, the recipient has held at least 10% for a completed year and both companies pay profit tax without option or exemption, or a tax that substitutes it (art. 43(2), (4)(a)-(b)).

Dividends to a non-resident

Withholding tax of 16% on dividends distributed from 1 January 2026 (art. 224(4)(b); Law 141/2025).

Dividends to a parent in another EU state

Exempt only when the statute's conditions are met, among them a holding of at least 10% for an uninterrupted year ending on the payment date and a Romanian payer that pays profit tax without option or exemption, or a tax that substitutes it (art. 229(1)(c)). The exemption does not apply to an arrangement made for a tax advantage contrary to the article's purpose and not for valid commercial reasons (art. 229(2)). Whether a micro-enterprise payer qualifies is not settled in the texts read; it is a question for a CCF tax consultant.

How is VAT charged, and what about imports?

What readers call Romania's sales tax is answered here as VAT (TVA), in headline lines.

Rates

21% standard and a single reduced rate of 11%, since 1 August 2025 (art. 291(1)-(2)).

Registration threshold

A company may stay outside VAT up to 395,000 lei of annual turnover, since 1 September 2025, and must apply at the latest on the day it exceeds it (art. 310(1); art. 310(6)). The VAT guide covers the VAT registration threshold in Romania in full.

The VAT return

Form 300 is due by the 25th of the month after the VAT period (art. 323(1)).

Imports

A taxable VAT operation: the base is the customs value and the rate is the one for a domestic supply of the same goods (art. 268(2); art. 289(1); art. 291(7)). Customs duty is not covered here.

Registering for VAT is on our VAT registration overview and the number on the VAT number page; this guide promises neither a number nor a time.

What payroll taxes does a Romanian employer pay?

For 2026 an employee bears CAS (pension contribution) 25%, CASS (health contribution) 10% and income tax 10%; the employer bears CAM (work-insurance contribution) 2.25% (art. 138; art. 156; art. 64(1)(b); art. 220³(1)). An administrator's remuneration is income assimilated to salary and sits in the CAM base (art. 76(2)(o); art. 220⁴(1)(d)). The employer files form 112 by the 25th of the following month (art. 147(1)), through its accountant.

What local taxes and construction tax does a company pay?

The council fixes the building-tax rate inside a statutory range.

A modern office building with a glass facade seen from the street. — A commercial building, the kind building tax is charged on.

Building tax rate

Non-residential buildings owned or held by companies pay 0.2% to 1.3% of taxable value a year, at a rate the council fixes in that range (art. 460(2)). No council's rate is stated here.

Taxable value

The value must be updated every 5 years by an authorised valuer's report; if it was not, the rate is 5% (art. 460(6); art. 460(8)).

Who owes it and when

The owner on 31 December of the previous year owes the whole year's tax (art. 461(1)), in two equal instalments by 31 March and 30 September; the council may discount up to 10% for paying the year by 31 March (art. 462(1); art. 462(2)).

Land tax

Anyone who owns land in Romania owes an annual land tax to the local budget, subject to the Code's exceptions (art. 463(1)).

Construction tax

0.5% of the net value of constructions other than those under building tax, owed by Romanian legal persons and declared by 25 May (art. 496(1)(a); art. 498(1)(a); art. 499(1)). A newly established company declares and pays by 25 January of the year after it was set up (art. 499(4)).

Representative-office tax

A representative office pays a flat 18,000 lei a year, declared and paid by the last day of February (art. 236(1); art. 237(1)). An office set up during the year files and pays within 30 days of setting up, and the tax is calculated pro rata by months (art. 236(2); art. 237(2)).

Is your own company still to be registered? RomaniaRegist prepares and files the registration at the trade register.

Request a registration plan

What is withheld on payments to a foreign company or owner?

Romanian-source income of a non-resident includes dividends, interest, royalties, commissions, and management and consultancy fees obtained from a resident, and services performed in Romania (art. 223(1)(a), (b), (d), (f), (i), (k)). It also covers the pay of a foreign legal person acting as administrator, founder or board member of a resident, and income from a resident's liquidation (art. 223(1)(j), (o)). The statute has further cases and rates not covered here.

Who withholds what

At the company
Profit tax 16% or micro tax 1% of revenue (art. 17, art. 51(1))
At the payment
Dividends 16% (art. 224(4)(b)). Other taxable Romanian-source income 16%, or 10% on the listed items other than dividends for individuals resident in an EU or treaty state (art. 224(4)(d), (c¹)). Withheld by the payer and reported on form 207
Who acts: The payer
Term: due by the 25th of the month after payment (art. 224(5))
At the recipient
The tax residence certificate is given to the payer at the time of payment for a treaty or EU rate and, where EU law is applied, a sworn declaration on beneficial-owner status (art. 230(2))
Who acts: The recipient

Fiscal Code. A diagram of who withholds what, not a calculation; no example amount is drawn.

Where tax is charged between a Romanian company and a foreign owner or supplier.

The rate is 16% on other taxable Romanian-source income, or 10% on the listed items other than dividends for individuals resident in an EU or treaty state (art. 224(4)(d); art. 224(4)(c¹)).
The payer, not the recipient, withholds, declares and pays, by the 25th of the month after payment; the tax withheld is final unless the recipient may opt for regularisation (art. 224(1); art. 224(5); art. 224(9)).
The payer files form 207, also for income exempt under Title VI or a treaty (ANAF forms page).
Interest and royalties paid to an associated company in another EU state are exempt when the two companies are associated by a direct holding of at least 25% kept for an uninterrupted 2 years (art. 255(1); art. 255(10); art. 258(b)). The conditions are proved by an attestation at the date of payment, and without it tax is withheld at source (art. 255(11)).
An EU or EEA company receiving Romanian interest (other than interest under the exemption above) taxed at the treaty rate, on presenting a valid tax residence certificate and where Romania has a treaty with its state, may opt to pay profit tax instead; the tax withheld counts as an advance payment (art. 225(1); art. 225(2)).
A non-resident who must file with ANAF appoints a Romanian representative (împuternicit) unless an exemption applies, such as electronic communication with ANAF (art. 18(5)(c)). Acting as that representative is tax consultancy: it goes to a CCF tax consultant, a lawyer or, inside the accounting contract, the company's CECCAR accountant.

What is a tax residence certificate and when must it be given?

A certificate does not decide which rate a payment bears: that depends on the treaty text and the facts.

Give the certificate at payment · NON-RESIDENT
To get a treaty or EU rate, the non-resident gives the payer a tax residence certificate (certificat de rezidență fiscală) at the time of payment and, where EU law is applied, a sworn declaration that the beneficial-owner condition is met (art. 230(2)).
Present it in the right form · NON-RESIDENT
The original, or a legalised copy with an authorised Romanian translation; one issued electronically by the foreign authority counts as the original (art. 230(2)).
Count its validity · PAYER
A certificate presented during the year is also valid for the first 60 days of the next year, unless the residence conditions change (art. 230(2)).
Apply the right rate · PAYER
Without a certificate at payment the domestic rules apply; once it is presented, the treaty or EU rate applies and the tax is regularised within the limitation period (art. 230(2)).
Refund what was withheld in excess · PAYER
Tax withheld above the treaty or EU rate is refunded by the payer at the taxpayer's request (art. 230(4); art. 170(1)).

A treaty rate caps the domestic rate; for an EU resident, the most favourable of domestic law, EU law and the treaty applies (art. 230(1)).

Is the gain on selling shares of a Romanian company taxed when the seller lives abroad?

When a foreign company sells shares it holds in a Romanian company, the gain is not withheld under Chapter I of Title VI but has the treatment of Title II, profit tax (art. 223(2)(b); art. 38(1)(b)). The company is taxed on it only if the art. 23(i) exemption does not apply and it cannot prove residence in a treaty state, there is no treaty with its state, or the treaty gives Romania the taxing right; it declares and pays itself (art. 38(2)). Whether a given sale is taxed is not decided here.

Where the statute sends a non-resident's gain on shares

Question: Where does the statute send a non-resident's gain on shares of a Romanian company?

Condition: Company seller
Outcome: Title II treatment (art. 38); declares and pays itself
The art. 23(i) exemption for at least 10% held for an uninterrupted year (not for a sale of shares of a Romanian company by a company resident in a state with no treaty with Romania)
Condition: Individual seller
Outcome: Title VI sends the gain to Title IV (art. 223(2)(g), art. 129)
A final tax declared and paid by the individual

Both branches end at the treaty text, which decides in the end (UK 2024 art. 13(5); US 1973 art. 13(1)).

Where the statute sends a non-resident's gain on shares of a Romanian company.

The exemption

A gain on participations in a Romanian company, or in a company in a treaty state, is non-taxable when at least 10% was held for an uninterrupted year (art. 23(i)). The exemption does not cover a sale of shares of a Romanian company by a company resident in a state with no treaty with Romania. Whether a seller qualifies is not decided here.

An individual seller

The gain is Romanian-source income that Title VI sends to Title IV, a final tax declared and paid by the individual: the statute routes it to the individual's own declaration (art. 223(2)(g); art. 129(2); art. 129(3)). Separately, an individual's annual net gain on securities outside a Romanian intermediary is taxed at 16% from the income of 2026 (art. 123(1²); Law 239/2025).

Virtual currency

Gain from the transfer of virtual currency is taxed at 16% of the gain, for gains from 1 January 2026 (art. 116(2¹); Law 239/2025). No other treatment of crypto-assets is stated here.

Foreign capital markets and the certificate

Income of non-residents on foreign capital markets from the transfer of participation titles held in a resident is not taxable in Romania (art. 228(1)(b)). The seller's residence certificate is deposited with the Romanian company whose shares are sold (art. 230(2¹)).

The transfer itself

The transfer is filed at the trade register, and the ANAF notice applies to every SRL share transfer (OUG 13/2026). See change of shareholder in Romania for the filing.

Is there a tax treaty between Romania and the UK or the US?

Two treaties are compared: the UK-Romania convention of 2024 (GOV.UK) and the US-Romania convention of 1973. The UK caps are those of the 2024 text, not of the convention it replaces.

The UK and US conventions; no other country.
Point	UK-Romania convention of 2024	US-Romania convention of 1973	Source
Applies from	In Romania from 1 January 2026; in the UK from 1 April 2026 for corporation tax and 6 April 2026 for income tax; the old convention applied in Romania until 31 December 2025	From 1 January 1974	ANAF treaty list
Dividends	5% of the gross amount; exempt for a company holding at least 10% for an uninterrupted year	Capped at 10%	UK art. 10(2); US art. 10(2)
Interest	3% cap; taxable only in the recipient's state in the art. 11(3) cases (credit sales, loans of a financial institution, pension funds, State bodies, companies with a direct 25% holding for two years)	Capped at 10%	UK art. 11(2), (3); US art. 11(2)
Royalties	3% cap; taxable only in the recipient's state between companies with a direct 25% holding for two years (art. 12(3))	10% (cultural) or 15% (industrial)	UK art. 12(2), (3); US art. 12(2)
Gains	Gains on property other than the cases of art. 13(1) to (4) (immovable property, business property of a permanent establishment, ships and aircraft, shares deriving more than 50% of their value from immovable property) are taxable only in the seller's state of residence; no benefit is granted where obtaining it was one of the principal purposes of an arrangement	A resident of one state is exempt in the other on gains from capital assets unless the gain is tied to a permanent establishment or an individual is present there 183 days or more in the year	UK art. 13(5), 13(4), 27; US art. 13(1)

ANAF's list of Romania's double tax treaties gives the ratifying act and the date each applies from: 90 partner countries, the newest Andorra from 1 January 2026, with some treaties modified by the multilateral instrument (ANAF treaty list). A treaty rate depends on the residence certificate, beneficial ownership and the treaty text, so no rate is said to apply to a given reader.

When is a person a Romanian tax resident, and what do founders and directors pay?

An individual is a Romanian tax resident if domiciled in Romania, if the centre of vital interests is in Romania, or if present more than 183 days in any 12 consecutive months ending in the calendar year (art. 7 pt. 28; art. 59(1)(a)). A resident is taxed on income from any source, in Romania and abroad. This guide decides nobody's residence.

Employment income bears income tax at 10% and the payroll contributions above (art. 64(1)(b)).
A director's remuneration is income assimilated to salary (art. 76(2)(o)).
In the cases the statute names, the single return is due by 25 May of the following year (art. 122(3)).
Rental income and net-pay calculations are not covered, and no calculator is hosted.

What are the tax deadlines of a small SRL, and what if one is missed?

Most dates below are the company's and are met through its accountant, a CECCAR member (OG 65/1994 art. 21(1)).

Statutory dates of a small SRL.
When	What	Who	Source
The 25th of each month	The payroll return (form 112); the VAT return (form 300); withholding tax on a payment made the month before, with form 207; dividend tax on dividends paid the month before	The employer and the payer, through the company's accountant	art. 147(1); art. 323(1); art. 224(5); art. 97(7); forms page
The 25th of the month after each quarter	Micro tax; profit tax for quarters I to III	The company, through the accountant	art. 41(1); art. 56(1)
31 March and 30 September	Building tax instalments	The owner	art. 462(1)
The last day of February	Representative-office tax (an office set up during the year: within 30 days of setting up)	The representative office	art. 237(1); art. 237(2)
25 January of the next year	Tax on dividends approved but unpaid by year end	The paying company	art. 97(7); art. 43(3); art. 224(5)
25 May	The construction tax declaration (a newly established company: 25 January of the next year); the single return of an individual	The company; the individual	art. 499(1); art. 499(4); art. 122(3)
25 June	The annual profit tax return (form 101), from the return for 2026	The company, through the accountant	art. 42(1); art. 45(21⁴)

If a date is missed:

Late-payment interest is 0.02% for each day of delay (art. 174(5)).
A late-payment penalty of 0.01% for each day is added (art. 176(2)-(3)).
A late return is fined 1,000 to 5,000 lei for medium and large taxpayers and 500 to 1,000 lei for other legal persons (art. 336(2)(d)).
Returns are signed with a qualified certificate (ANAF forms page).

Who may file the returns, advise on the regime and answer ANAF?

Three professions, three kinds of work. The law reserves each, and RomaniaRegist does none of them.

Who may do which work.
Task	Who may lawfully do it	Source
Keep the books, prepare the monthly and annual returns	A CECCAR member under a contract; outsourced bookkeeping is lawful only with an authorised CECCAR member; unauthorised exercise is an offence	OG 65/1994 art. 21(1), 43(1); Law 82/1991 art. 10(3)
Give a tax opinion, represent a client before ANAF in a procedure, prepare an appeal	A CCF tax consultant (active section), a lawyer, or the CECCAR accountant inside the accounting contract	OG 71/2001 art. 3(1), 3(1)(f), 8(6)
Draft a share-sale deed or an amending deed	A Romanian lawyer	Law 51/1995 art. 3(1)(c), 3(2)
File the registration, a change or a transfer at the trade register; liaison with the accountant and the consultant	RomaniaRegist, as filing and liaison only	RomaniaRegist's own service

From our practice

At RomaniaRegist we register companies and file at the trade register, and we liaise with your own accountant on the registration data. Tax opinions, answers to ANAF and appeals go to a CCF tax consultant, a lawyer or your own accountant, and we can point you to one.

Official sources

Fiscal Code, updated to Law 170/2026: the rules on this page
Fiscal Procedure Code, updated to OUG 38/2026: refund, interest, penalty, fine
Law 141/2025: dividend tax at 16% from 1 January 2026
Law 239/2025: 16% on gains from securities and virtual currency
ANAF list of double tax treaties: 90 partner countries and dates
US-Romania convention of 1973: caps on dividends, interest, royalties
UK-Romania convention of 2024 (GOV.UK): caps and gains
ANAF forms page: forms 112 and 207
OG 71/2001: tax consultancy and the CCF register
OG 65/1994: accounting work reserved to CECCAR members
Law 82/1991: outsourced bookkeeping under a CECCAR contract
Law 51/1995: legal acts reserved to lawyers

Frequently asked questions

Is Romania a tax haven?

This guide makes no such claim. It states the 2026 rules with their conditions: profit tax is 16% (art. 17), the micro-enterprise tax is optional and ends at a EUR 100,000 revenue ceiling (art. 48(1), 52(1)), dividends bear 16% (art. 97(7)), and payments abroad can bear withholding tax (art. 224).

Is Romania tax free for a foreign owner, and do foreigners pay only 1%?

Nothing in the 2026 rules read for this guide makes a foreign owner tax free. The 1% micro-enterprise tax is charged on revenue (art. 51(1)), is optional (art. 48(1)) and ends at EUR 100,000 of revenue in a year, after which profit tax applies from that quarter (art. 52(1)). Dividends, VAT and payroll taxes are separate.

What taxes does a foreign-owned Romanian company pay, and who pays them?

The company pays profit tax at 16% or the optional micro-enterprise tax at 1% of revenue, VAT if registered, employer CAM at 2.25% and building tax on buildings it owns. It withholds dividend tax and tax on payments to non-residents. Founders carry their own side: dividends, pay and gains (2026 text).

What is the corporate income tax rate in Romania in 2026, and how is it different from the micro-enterprise tax?

Profit tax is 16% of taxable profit (art. 17). The micro-enterprise tax is 1% of revenue, optional, and replaces profit tax while the company is a micro-enterprise (art. 48(1), 51(1)). Above EUR 100,000 of revenue in the year, profit tax applies from the quarter of crossing (art. 52(1)). Which regime a company uses is a question for a tax consultant.

What is the dividend tax in Romania in 2026 for a foreign shareholder, and are any dividends exempt?

A non-resident bears 16% withholding on dividends distributed from 1 January 2026 (art. 224(4)(b), Law 141/2025). An EU parent is exempt only on the statute's conditions, among them 10% held for an uninterrupted year and a Romanian payer paying profit tax without option or exemption (art. 229). Whether a micro-enterprise payer qualifies is not settled in the texts read.

Does Romania withhold tax on interest, royalties and service fees paid to a foreign company?

Where the income is Romanian-source and taxable, yes: the Romanian payer withholds 16% (art. 224(4)(d)), or 10% on the listed items for individuals resident in an EU or treaty state (art. 224(4)(c¹)). The payer pays by the 25th of the month after payment and files form 207. Exemptions and treaty rates carry conditions.

What paperwork lowers Romanian withholding tax under a double tax treaty, and when must it be given?

A tax residence certificate and, where EU law is applied, a sworn beneficial-owner declaration, given to the payer at payment. The certificate is the original or a legalised copy with an authorised Romanian translation; one issued electronically by the foreign authority is the original. It covers the first 60 days of the next year unless residence conditions change (art. 230).

Is there a tax treaty between Romania and the UK or the US, and which one applies in 2026?

Yes, with both. The new UK-Romania convention applies in Romania from 1 January 2026, and in the UK from 1 April 2026 for corporation tax and 6 April 2026 for income tax. The US-Romania convention of 1973 applies from 1 January 1974 (ANAF list). A treaty rate depends on the residence certificate and the treaty text.

Is the gain on selling shares of a Romanian company taxed in Romania when the seller lives abroad?

The statute routes the gain, and the treaty text decides in the end. A foreign company's gain has profit-tax treatment (art. 38) unless the art. 23(i) exemption applies; a non-resident individual's gain goes to their own declaration (art. 129). Whether a given sale is taxed is a question for a tax consultant.

What payroll taxes does a Romanian employer pay, and how is a director's pay treated?

For 2026 an employee bears CAS at 25%, CASS at 10% and income tax at 10%, and the employer bears CAM at 2.25% (art. 138, 156, 64, 220³). An administrator's remuneration is income assimilated to salary and is in the CAM base (art. 76(2)(o)). The monthly return is form 112, due by the 25th.

What is the building tax on a company's office or warehouse, and when is it paid?

For a company's non-residential building the rate is 0.2% to 1.3% of taxable value a year, fixed by the local council (art. 460(2)). It is paid in two equal instalments, by 31 March and 30 September, with a council discount of up to 10% for payment of the whole year by 31 March (art. 462).

What is the VAT rate, when must a company register, and is import VAT different?

The standard rate is 21%, the single reduced rate 11% (art. 291). A company may stay outside VAT up to 395,000 lei of annual turnover and must apply to register by the day it exceeds it (art. 310). Import VAT has the customs value as its base and the rate of a domestic supply of the same goods (art. 289).

When is a person a Romanian tax resident, and what is the income tax rate on employment income?

An individual is resident if domiciled in Romania, if the centre of vital interests is in Romania, or if present more than 183 days in any 12 consecutive months ending in the calendar year (art. 7 pt. 28). Employment income bears income tax at 10% plus the contributions; the company's own profit tax is a separate tax at 16%.

What are the tax deadlines of a small SRL?

On the 25th: payroll (form 112), VAT (form 300) and dividend tax monthly; micro tax and profit tax for quarters I to III after each quarter. Building tax is due on 31 March and 30 September, construction tax by 25 May (25 January if newly established) and form 101 by 25 June (art. 42(1)). Its accountant files most of them.

Who may file the returns, advise on the regime and answer ANAF: an accountant, a tax consultant or a lawyer?

Books and returns are for a CECCAR accountant; unauthorised practice is an offence (OG 65/1994 art. 21(1), 43(1)). Tax opinions, representation before ANAF in a procedure and appeals are for a CCF tax consultant, a lawyer or the accountant under the accounting contract (OG 71/2001 art. 3(1), 8(6)). Deeds are for a lawyer (Law 51/1995 art. 3).